Bisphenol A and its structural analogues in infant formulas available in the Brazilian market: Optimisation of a UPLC-MS/MS method, occurrence, and dietary exposure assessment

Abstract

For the first time, structural analogues to bisphenol A were investigated in infant formulas marketed in Brazil. A fast and high throughput UPLC-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A, B, E, F, and S in complex infant formula matrices. The influence of mobile phase composition on electrospray ionization response in negative mode was studied to improve the detectability of the method. As also, the main sample preparation variables that could affect the extraction and cleanup were screened by the Plackett-Burman design. The method performance characteristics were adequate, including reliable limits of detection (5–10 µg kg− 1 ) and quantification (10–20 µg kg− 1 ) with suitable recoveries (84.2–108.9 %) and precision (≤18 %). Sixty-one infant formulas were analyzed, and 36 % of total samples contained at least one bisphenol analogue, whose levels ranged between 10.9 and 198.9 µg kg− 1 . Based on a deterministic approach, the estimated daily intakes for babies up to 6 months old, fed exclusively with infant formula, were below the temporary tolerable daily intake of 4 µg kg− 1 body weight set for bisphenol A by the European Food Safety Authority.